Abstract
The terms dynamic representation and animation are often used as if they are synonymous, but in this
paper we argue that there are multiple ways to represent phenomena that change over time. Timepersistent
representations show a range of values over time. Time-implicit representations also show
a range of values but not the specific times when the values occur. Time-singular representations
show only a single point of time. In this paper, we examine the use of dynamic representations in
instructional simulations. We argue that the three types of dynamic representations have distinct
advantages compared to static representations. We also suggest there are specific cognitive tasks
associated with their use. Furthermore, dynamic representations of different form are often displayed
simultaneously. We conclude that to understand learning with multiple dynamic representations, it is
crucial to consider the way in which time is displayed.
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