%0 Journal Article %1 hollnagel99 %A Hollnagel, Erik %A Woods, David D. %D 1999 %J International Journal of Human-Computer Studies %K work analysis cognition %N 2 %P 339--356 %R 10.1006/ijhc.1982.0313 %T Cognitive Systems Engineering: New wine in new bottles %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WGR-45KNC0B-F/2/249fec161248e577cb5afd74a9162eeb %V 51 %X This paper presents an approach to the description and analysis of complex Man-Machine Systems (MMSs) called Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE). In contrast to traditional approaches to the study of man-machine systems which mainly operate on the physical and physiological level, CSE operates on the level of cognitive functions. Instead of viewing an MMS as decomposable by mechanistic principles, CSE introduces the concept of a cognitive system: an adaptive system which functions using knowledge about itself and the environment in the planning and modification of actions. Operators are generally acknowledged to use a model of the system (machine) with which they work. Similarly, the machine has an image of the operator. The designer of an MMS must recognize this, and strive to obtain a match between the machine's image and the user characteristics on a cognitive level, rather than just on the level of physical functions. This article gives a presentation of what cognitive systems are, and of how CSE can contribute to the design of an MMS, from cognitive task analysis to final evaluation.

@article{hollnagel99, abstract = {This paper presents an approach to the description and analysis of complex Man-Machine Systems (MMSs) called Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE). In contrast to traditional approaches to the study of man-machine systems which mainly operate on the physical and physiological level, CSE operates on the level of cognitive functions. Instead of viewing an MMS as decomposable by mechanistic principles, CSE introduces the concept of a cognitive system: an adaptive system which functions using knowledge about itself and the environment in the planning and modification of actions. Operators are generally acknowledged to use a model of the system (machine) with which they work. Similarly, the machine has an image of the operator. The designer of an MMS must recognize this, and strive to obtain a match between the machine's image and the user characteristics on a cognitive level, rather than just on the level of physical functions. This article gives a presentation of what cognitive systems are, and of how CSE can contribute to the design of an MMS, from cognitive task analysis to final evaluation.}, added-at = {2006-03-24T16:34:33.000+0100}, author = {Hollnagel, Erik and Woods, David D.}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2227d97355aec8c8002d7b325ad95a142/neilernst}, citeulike-article-id = {158117}, comment = {- begins at the start of the microprocessor era (83) - question: where does CTA come into EID? Does EID have a notion of tasks? - key concept is the distinction between functions and actions. Functions can be declared, but only when they are used (in a task), does the procedural/action paradigm come to the fore. This declarative/procedural divide is central to the gaps between CSE and CWA. CWA says, identify the functions and sub-functions, then figure out how they are used. - what exactly is 'engineering psychology'? - HCI is a part of a man-machine system. A System. - see contextual control model - key in CWA: must separate the controller from the controlled - CSE defines a System in terms of what you *do*, not what you are (CWA) - the distinction between HCI and CSE is one of complexity}, description = {sdasda}, doi = {10.1006/ijhc.1982.0313}, interhash = {ff1a1ac67d09c5101d047d664898db63}, intrahash = {227d97355aec8c8002d7b325ad95a142}, journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, keywords = {work analysis cognition}, month = {August}, number = 2, pages = {339--356}, priority = {0}, timestamp = {2006-03-24T16:34:33.000+0100}, title = {Cognitive Systems Engineering: New wine in new bottles}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WGR-45KNC0B-F/2/249fec161248e577cb5afd74a9162eeb}, volume = 51, year = 1999 }