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Open access. Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) are often used to make judgements about the relative cost-effectiveness of competing interventions and require an understanding of the relationship between health and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) when measured in utility terms. There is a dearth of information in the literature concerning how childhood overweight is associated with quality of life when this is measured using utilities. This study explores how weight is associated with utility-based HRQOL in 5–6 year olds and examines the psychometric properties of a newly developed pediatric utility measure – the CHU9D instrument.
Background Compared to children and adults, little is known about changes in adolescent health over time. This study profiles the health of preadolescents in two distinct time periods, 1980 and 2012. To read the full article, log in using your NHS Athens
Bariatic weight loss surgery can reduce the risk of developing serious health conditions such as heart attacks and type 2 diabetes, as well improve existing conditions, according to a new study published in PLOS Medicine. The project is the largest comprehensive study of longer term outcomes post-bariatric surgery in the UK. It suggests that widening the availability of bariatric surgery could boost the health prospects for thousands of people who are morbidly obese body mass index of 40 kg/m2 or more. To read the full article, log in using your NHS Athens
The news website reports on a trial by UK-based researchers that aimed to assess whether it's better to stop smoking gradually or abruptly.
The researchers included almost 700 people and randomly assigned them to a gradual or abrupt stop in cigarette use. After four weeks, 39.2% of participants that gradually stopped smoking were still abstinent, compared with 49.0% that stopped smoking abruptly.
Both groups had access to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), such as patches or gum, after the quit day. At six months, the proportion of participants that still abstained from smoking had reduced to 15.5% in the gradual group and 22.0% in the abrupt group.
The findings of this trial show promise, but going "cold turkey", as the headline suggests, may not be for everyone.
Adolescence is a period of increased risk for mental health problems and development of associated lifestyle risk behaviours. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between obesogenic risk factors, weight status, and depressive symptomatology in a cohort of Australian adolescents. Open Access Article
Peer support can be a really helpful type of support for people looking to stop smoking. With this in mind, we asked individuals within Rethink Mental Illness services and support groups to share some insights from their experiences of reducing the amount they are smoking, or quitting completely.
It is possible that participation in golf, which is a form of physical activity, may be associated with effects on longevity, the cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal systems, as well as on mental health and well-being. We outline our scoping review protocol to examine the relationships and effects of golf on physical and mental health. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
"Pint of beer a day could protect you from heart attacks," The Independent reports. A new review on the alleged protective effects of moderate beer drinking has been warmly welcomed by the UK media – but nobody reported that it was funded by an Italian beer trade association.
The article examines the views of counselors on self-care in Great Britain. Topics covered include examples of professional self-care activities including supervision, peer support and personal therapy, examples of physical and psychological personal self-care such as exercising, seeing family and friends and reading and the opinion that childhood experiences and family background influence the view and practice of self-care. Login using your SSSFT NHS OpenAthens for full text. SSOTP - You can request a copy of this article by replying to this email. Please ensure you are clear which article you are requesting.
We present a large scale study where a nationally representative sample of 1,000 participants were asked to make real purchases within an online supermarket platform. The study captured the effectof price changes, and of the signposting of such changes, for breakfast cereals and soft drinks. We find that such taxes are an effective means of altering food purchasing, with a 20% rate being sufficient to make a significant impact.
There is growing recognition of the influence of the workplace environment on the eating habits of the workforce, which in turn may contribute to increased overweight and obesity. Overweight and obesity exact enormous costs in terms of reduced well-being, worker productivity and increased risk of non-communicable diseases. The workplace is an ideal place to intervene and support healthy behaviours. This review aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to nurses’ healthy eating in the workplace. Login using your SSSFT NHS OpenAthens for full text. SSOTP - You can request a copy of this article by replying to this email. Please ensure you are clear which article you are requesting.
Historically, alcohol use and related harms are more prevalent in men than in women. However, emerging evidence suggests the epidemiology of alcohol use is changing in younger cohorts. The current study aimed to systematically summarise published literature on birth cohort changes in male-to-female ratios in indicators of alcohol use and related harms. Open Access Article
Food consumers in the western world face many complex issues that can impinge on their current and future health. The aim of this research was to identify areas of agreement regarding the basic food knowledge required by young adults for healthy living. Login using your SSSFT NHS OpenAthens details for full text. SSOTP - You can request a copy of this article by replying to this email. Please ensure you are clear which article you requesting.
Chronic illness are responsible for 84% of all healthcare expenditure and are highly prevalent among the older population. Physical activity (PA) has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors, physical function, pain and depressive symptoms. There is an urgent need to understand more about how to increase PA levels in older adults.
Aim
This study aimed to investigate the effect of interventions designed to increase PA behaviour among older adults. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
Research studies funded by companies that make sugar sweetened beverages are significantly less likely to find links between sugary drinks and obesity or diabetes related outcomes than independently funded studies, a review of the literature has found. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
An increasing number of people require help to manage their weight. The NHS recommends weight loss advice by general practitioners and/or a referral to a practice nurse. Although this is helpful for some, more effective approaches that can be disseminated economically on a large scale are needed.
Research shows that there are health risks are associated with spending more than 6–7 sedentary hours per day, independent of exercise time. (Patel et al, Am J Epidemiol, 2010;172(4):419–29) The aim was to identify which patients could benefit from reducing their sedentary time. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
Prenatal smoking exposure has been associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is commonly associated with a wide spectrum of psychiatric comorbidity. The association between smoking and neuropsychiatric comorbidity of ADHD has remained understudied. The aim of this study is to examine the association between prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and offspring ADHD, and test whether the smoking-ADHD associations are stronger when ADHD is accompanied by other lifetime neuropsychiatric comorbidities.
To compare the use of alternative nicotine products, smoking behavior and tobacco biomarker exposure in smokers unwilling to quit who were randomly assigned to normal nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes, or very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
Keeping to the weekly recommended level of physical activity may offset some of the lethal effects of high alcohol intake, international researchers suggest. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
This trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of a wearable technology weight loss intervention (fitness tracker) with standard weight loss strategies to see which would result in greater weight loss at the end of 24 months.
It found the addition of a wearable technology device did not aid weight loss, and participants in the standard behavioural intervention group lost more weight when compared to the technology group.
Most guidelines recommend abrupt smoking cessation; however, gradual cessation is common. Reducing cigarettes per day (CPD) with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) increases cessation among smokers who are not ready to quit. However, whether gradual reduction is effective for smokers who want to quit now is unclear. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
Public Health England (PHE) is piloting an online space on Knowledge Hub to share information about local knowledge and intelligence products and services. Our Local Knowledge and Intelligence Service (LKIS) will run the space.
Knowledge Hub gives PHE in each geographical PHE Centre location, a way to make it easier for local partners to keep up to date with the relevant health intelligence relating to their area, and to take part in discussions.
Public health strategies aiming to prevent adult weight gain in the whole population could be twice as effective in reducing the incidence of type 2 diabetes as weight loss strategies targeting only obese people, analysis of a large population based follow-up study has found. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
Tobacco smoking remains one of the few preventable factors associated with complications in pregnancy, and has serious long-term implications for women and babies. Smoking in pregnancy is decreasing in high-income countries, but is strongly associated with poverty and is increasing in low- to middle-income countries.
Objectives: To assess the effects of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy on smoking behaviour and perinatal health outcomes.
To (1) estimate sex-specific risks of a comprehensive spectrum of somatic diseases in alcohol dependent individuals versus a control population in Denmark, and in the same population to (2) estimate sex-specific risks of dying from the examined somatic diseases. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
Objective Type I and II diabetes are associated with a greater relative risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in women than in men. Sex differences in adiposity storage may explain these findings. Open Access Article
People who feel older than their peers are more likely to be hospitalized as they age, regardless of their actual age or other demographic factors, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.
“How old you feel matters. Previous research has shown it can affect your well-being and other health-related factors, and now we know it can predict your likelihood of ending up in the hospital,” said the study’s lead author, Yannick Stephan, PhD, of the University of Montpellier in France. The research, which comprised more than 10,000 adults across the U.S., was published in the journal Health Psychology®.
Restricting teenagers’ access to e-cigarettes could help prevent them taking up smoking in the future, say US researchers. To read the full article, log in using your NHS Athens
People with mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders are important targets for smoking cessation interventions. Mental health professionals (MHPs) are ideally placed to deliver interventions, but their attitudes may prevent this. This systematic review therefore aimed to identify and estimate quantitatively MHPs attitudes towards smoking and main barriers for providing smoking cessation support and to explore these attitudes in-depth through qualitative synthesis. Please contact the library to receive a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
Should tobacco be banned? The answer depends largely on two further questions. How much are smokers benefitted by being made to stop, or to not start? And what is the moral cost of their being made to stop by their government, as opposed to stopping due to the influence of policies that fall short of coercion?
The report has attracted quite considerable criticism.
Some professionals, such as the professor of diet and population health at the University of Oxford, note the lack of systematic review methods and accuse the report of potentially cherry-picking studies to support its viewpoint.
Other studies presenting contradictory findings do not seem to have been included, they say.
Make physical activity a part of daily life during all stages of life. That is the clear message from the World Health Organisation in this infographic. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
To test the relationship between early cognitive ability and major changes in smoking habits across adulthood, and test whether educational attainment mediates these associations. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
The pandemic of physical inactivity is associated with a range of chronic diseases and early deaths. Despite the well documented disease burden, the economic burden of physical inactivity remains unquantified at the global level. A better understanding of the economic burden could help to inform resource prioritisation and motivate efforts to increase levels of physical activity worldwide. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
Healthy lifestyles prevent cardiovascular disease and are increasingly recognized in relation to mental health but longitudinal studies are limited. We examined bi-directional associations between mood disorders and healthy lifestyles in a cohort followed for 5 years. You can request a copy of this article by replying to this email. Please ensure you are clear which article you are requesting.
Psychological Assessment, suppl. 928.9 (September 2016): 1051-1060.
Developing discrepancy between one’s values and behaviors is theoretically important in motivating change; however, existing studies lack a validated measure of value-behavior discrepancy for alcohol misuse. The current studies aimed to modify Wilson & DuFrene (2008) Valued Living Questionnaire (VLQ) to assess consistency of alcohol use with important values. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details.
The health and wellbeing of your staff is vital for the delivery of better patient care. Staff are more likely to choose wisely if their working environment encourages a healthy lifestyle. Barkering, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust have been empowering staff to make informed wellbeing choices by developing and introducing pledges, including:
Physical activity sessions;
Healthy food options;
Staff health checks;
Smoking cessation and respiratory health;
Getting regular exercise can lower the risk of cognitive decline and can even change our brain structure and improve its functioning, according to a new evidence-based consensus statement issued today by the Global Council on Brain Health (GCBH), an independent collaboration of scientists, doctors, scholars and policy experts from around the world.
Smoking in the general population is on the decline. However, in people with severe mental disorders (SMDs) such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder the estimated smoking prevalence rate is anywhere between 50-80%. High rates of medical morbidity and severely reduced life expectancy are associated with increased prevalence rates in these individuals.
Pharmacological treatments for smoking cessation are effective in the general population. We have blogged extensively about the efficacy, tolerability and cost-effectiveness of the three main treatments; transdermal nicotine patches (TNP), varenicline and bupropion.
There is emerging evidence to suggest individuals with SMDs are often motivated to quit and pharmacological treatments in those with SMDs are similarly effective. Despite these promising findings, treatments are often under-utilised, with one study finding less than one third of clinicians advising patients about smoking cessation.
In general the new government advice on vitamin D has been reported accurately.
However, the Guardian's headline, "Tuck into tuna, salmon and eggs or take vitamin D pills – official health advice" is misleading. While it's important to eat these foods as good sources of vitamin D, the advice is to consider taking vitamin D supplements because it is difficult to get enough from food alone.
Meanwhile, the Express headline, "Everyone should take vitamin D: Health chiefs warn millions are at risk of deficiency," overstates the advice. Most people are simply being asked to consider taking supplements.
And, although roughly one in five people has low vitamin D levels, this is not the same as a vitamin D deficiency. It is not accurate to say that millions of people are at risk of deficiency.
National Health Service Stop Smoking Services (SSSs) offer help to smokers motivated to quit; however, attendance rates are low and recent figures show a downward trend. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a two-component personalised intervention on attendance at SSSs. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
Varenicline improved abstinence compared with bupropion or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), but was more likely than placebo to lead to nausea, insomnia, abnormal dreams, headaches and serious adverse events. The lack of comparative adverse effects assessment of varenicline with bupropion or NRT means that firm conclusions of the overall comparative effects of these interventions cannot be drawn.
Commentary on:
Balk EM, Earley A, Raman G, et al. Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the community preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med 2015;163:437–51.
Context
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant and growing medical problem affecting close to 400 million people worldwide1 and almost 10% of the US population2 while imposing a major financial burden on society.3 Furthermore, an estimated 37% of the US adult population is at risk of T2DM, making primary prevention of T2DM a critical public health objective. Large clinical trials have shown that combined diet and physical activity promotion programmes … To read the full article, log in using your NHS Athens
Commentary on:
de Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, et al. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2015;351:h3978.
Context
What is the relationship between saturated or trans fats in our food and cardiovascular risk? To find out we must examine the totality of interventional and observational evidence and all appropriate outcomes. The WHO Nutrition Guidance Advisory Group (WHO NUGAG) recently commissioned systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which examined effects of modifying saturated or trans fat intakes on mortality or cardiovascular health and controlled trials on lipid outcomes (updates of these published reviews are due to be published), as well as this systematic review of observational data (reported by de Souza and colleagues). To read the full article, log in using your NHS Athens
Regular physical activity (PA) reduces the blood pressure (BP) of individuals with hypertension. The present review analysed the scientific evidence for the BP lowering effect of aerobic PA in 27 randomised controlled studies on individuals with hypertension, and shows that regular medium-to-high-intensity aerobic activity reduces the BP by a mean of 11/5 mm Hg (level of evidence, 3+). To read the full article, log in using your NHS Athens
Cuts to public health funding could undermine efforts to lessen health inequalities made by local authorities, MPs have been told. To read in full, use your NHS ATHENS login
Public health experts warned, during an evidence session held on 1 March of the parliamentary health committee, that cuts were dampening local authorities’ enthusiasm and damaging this area of work, which could significantly reduce demand on the NHS.
The hazardous and harmful use of alcohol is a major public health issue. It is estimated that around nine million adults in England drink to potentially harmful levels, and the cost of alcohol misuse to the NHS is around £3.5 billion every year. A further £11 billion per year is spent as a result of alcohol-related crime and £7.3 billion due to lost productivity.
One key strategy concerning alcohol price and availability is licensing, which modifies our drinking environment. Evidence indicates that there is an association between the number of alcohol outlets in neighbourhoods and alcohol-related hospital admissions; therefore restricting the number of alcohol outlets is a potential avenue for reducing alcohol-related harm.
National smoking legislation does reduce the harms caused by passive smoking, according to a review of the most up-to-date evidence. To read the full article, log in using your NHS Athens
Despite considerable progress in reducing cigarette smoking prevalence and enhancing smoking cessation treatments, most smokers who attempt to quit relapse. The current randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of an adjunctive behavioral smoking cessation treatment based on learning theory.
Blog post. Despite the prevalence of workplace wellness efforts, only one-third of American workers say they regularly participate in the health promotion programs provided by their employer, according to a new survey by the American Psychological Association.
Additionally, less than half of working Americans (44 percent*) say the climate in their organization supports employee well-being, and 1 in 3 reports being chronically stressed on the job. The APA survey suggests a key part of the solution is senior leadership support.
Nearly three-fourths (73 percent) of employees with senior managers who show support through involvement and commitment to well-being initiatives said their organization helps employees develop a healthy lifestyle, compared with just 11 percent who work in an organization without that leadership support, according to APA's 2016 Work and Well-Being Survey (PDF, 726KB). It was conducted online by Harris Poll among more than 1,500 U.S. adults in March.
To assess gender and age differences in hazardous drinking and to analyse and compare the factors associated with it in men versus women, and in 50 to 64-year-old versus ≥65-year-old people in Europe. Login using your SSSFT NHS OpenAthens for full text. SSOTP - You can request a copy of this article by replying to this email. Please ensure you are clear which article you are requesting.
The chief executive of NHS England, Simon Stevens has announced new action to cut the sales and consumption of sugary drinks sold in hospitals and to reduce obesity, which forms part of a wider programme to help NHS staff be healthy and happy at work.
The news comes from a review of existing evidence published in the peer-reviewed British Medical Journal (BMJ), which questioned recent government advice on vitamin D supplements.
Swimming, racquet sports, and aerobics seem to be the best forms of exercise for reducing the risk of death from heart disease and stroke, research published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine has found.1
The researchers analysed data from the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health survey from 1994 to 2008. The cohort included 80 306 adults with an average age of 52, of whom 54% were women. Overall, 44% of the participants met the national guidelines on physical activity. The participants were asked about their physical activity in the previous four weeks including housework, gardening, walking, and six types of sport and exercise. They were also asked how often they did a particular activity and the perceived intensity. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
Contingency management (CM) is one of the most effective behavioral interventions to promote drug abstinence, but availability of this treatment is limited. We evaluated the efficacy and acceptability of Internet-based CM relative to an Internet-based monitoring and goal setting control group in a nationwide sample of cigarette smokers. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
Research News. Compressing the recommended amount of physical activity into a weekend rather than spreading it over the whole week may be sufficient to reduce all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, say researchers in JAMA Internal Medicine. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details
PHE’s One You campaign is reaching out to the 83% of 40 to 60 year olds (87% of men and 79% of women) who are either overweight or obese, exceed the Chief Medical Officer’s (CMO) alcohol guidelines or are physically inactive, to provide free support and tools to help them live more healthily in 2017 and beyond.
This quality standard covers ways of preventing adults (aged 18 and over) becoming overweight or obese and the provision of lifestyle weight management programmes for adults who are overweight or obese. Although local definitions vary, these programmes are usually tier 2 interventions covering lifestyle interventions that may include weight management programmes, courses or clubs, and form one part of a comprehensive approach to preventing and treating obesity.
Objectives To systematically review the effectiveness of community pharmacy interventions to manage alcohol misuse, smoking cessation and weight loss; to explore if and how age, sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status moderate effectiveness; and to describe how the interventions have been organised, implemented and delivered.
Identification of challenges associated with quitting and overcoming them may improve cessation outcomes. This study describes the development and initial validation of a scale for measuring challenges to stopping smoking. Open Access Article
Access to mobile phones continues to increase exponentially globally, outstripping access to fixed telephone lines, fixed computers and the Internet. Mobile phones are an appropriate and effective option for the delivery of smoking cessation support in some contexts. This review updates the evidence on the effectiveness of mobile phone-based smoking cessation interventions.
The health and wellbeing team have collected top health and wellbeing tips in a series of 60 seconds podcasts from key people in leading NHS organisations.
The series consists of podcasts recorded and produced to provide advice on implementing a successful health and wellbeing strategy in your organisation.
Clinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is participant compliance with smoking only RNCs. Our aims were to measure non-compliance biochemically with urine cotinine (COT) and total nicotine equivalents (TNEs), compare with self-reported non-compliance, and identify associated covariates. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
To systematically review evidence on the influence of specific marketing components (Price, Promotion, Product attributes and Place of sale/availability) on key drinking outcomes (initiation, continuation, frequency and intensity) in young people aged 9–17. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
NICE recommends councils could provide toothbrushing schemes in schools and nurseries in areas where children have poor oral health.
A new quality standard says councils could introduce toothbrushing, fluoride varnishing schemes or programmes providing healthy eating advice.
NICE also asks those providing emergency dental care to advise patients of the importance of regularly seeing a dentist.
We compared the effectiveness of the Gold Standard Programme (a comprehensive smoking cessation intervention commonly used in Denmark) with other face-to-face smoking cessation programmes in Denmark after implementation in real life, and we identified factors associated with successful quitting. Open Access Article
A systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS) versus no smoking cessation aid, or alternative smoking cessation aids, in cigarette smokers on long-term tobacco use. Open Access Article
Life transitions such as retirement may influence alcohol consumption, but only a few studies have described this using longitudinal data. We identified patterns and predictors of risky drinking around the time of retirement. Please contact the library to request a copy of this article - http://bit.ly/1Xyazai
Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity4.1 (Mar 2017): 43-53.
According to the Dual Continuum Model of Mental Health (Keyes, 2002), psychopathology and positive mental health are separate constructs. While the incidence of psychopathology has received ample empirical attention in sexual minority populations, positive mental health has not been a focus. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of the Dual Continuum Model (Keyes, 2002) in a sample of lesbians and gay men. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details.
Objective To examine the influence of prenatal exercise on depression and anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Summary/Conclusions Prenatal exercise reduced the odds and severity of prenatal depression. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details.
Report by the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants describing how long-term exposure to ambient air pollution can lead to cardiovascular disease.
This briefing paper assesses the extent of cuts to the public health grant since 2014/15 and projects the amount required per year to plug the funding gap that now exists.
Open access. Alcohol and drug use can have negative consequences on the health, economy, productivity, and social aspects of communities. We aimed to use data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 to calculate global and regional estimates of the prevalence of alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, and opioid dependence, and to estimate global disease burden attributable to alcohol and drug use between 1990 and 2016, and for 195 countries and territories within 21 regions, and within seven super-regions.
Information for front-line staff to adopt community-centred ways of working that help improves the health and wellbeing of the most marginalised communities.
Scottish Government has analysed data from the Growing up in Scotland study to identify key risk factors associated with the development of overweight and obesity.
The Health Survey for England series was designed to monitor trends in the nation’s health, to estimate the proportion of people in England who have specified health conditions, and to estimate the prevalence of risk factors associated with these conditions.
For the first time, The Health Survey looks at links between parent and child obesity. RCPCH responds saying it is a "cycle of life that can have terrible consequences to the health of entire families for generations".
To compare the odds of depression in obese and overweight children with that in normal-weight children in the community.. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details.
To estimate the prevalence and co‐occurrence of health‐related behaviours among nurses in Scotland relative to other healthcare workers and those in non‐healthcare occupations.. To read the full article, log in using your NHS Athens details. To access full-text: click “Log in/Register” (top right hand side). Click ‘Institutional Login’ then select 'OpenAthens Federation', then ‘NHS England’. Enter your Athens details to view the article.
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